= How this book is composed = = 01 =  = 02 =  = 03 =
<INTRODUCTION to anatomy of reversENGLISH>
 This book is a never-before-seen attempt at visualizing the process of English interpretation. Although most of our daily conversation and mechanically recited words and phrases by poor actors and the second-rate narrators simply develop as pure sounds in our ears, consciously understood English is visually seen through our mind's eye. Even those who are linguistically blind could still get used more or less to the very simplest of daily give-and-take conversation in English; but truly meaningful English could only be taken in by those who can see through its semantic structure with anatomically scrutinizing eyes. Those who can see can really command English; those who can just hear can't actually go anywhere. This book may take you somewhere you have never dreamt of going before. After you've seen it you will never be the same again. Although it is primarily written as a visual aid to "reversEnglish (でんぐリングリッシュ)", a guidebook for Japanese students on how to master English written in English, it may also serve as an eye-opener for those who can only hear and say what they hear said but can't really command English the way those who can see deal with it. You'd be well-advised to check and see for yourself, with your own eyes, not through idle hearsay.
<でんぐリングリッシュ解剖編 ごあいさつ>
本書は、英文解釈のプロセスを(未だかつて誰も見たことのないような形で)可視化しようとするユニークな試みである。日常会話の大部分も、大根役者や二流朗読者の棒読みする単語や言い回しのほとんども、耳に流れるただの音として展開するばかりだが、意識して理解する英語というものは、我々の心の目を通して視覚的に認識されるものである。言語学的に盲目の人々でも、ポンポン飛び交う日常的英会話(の最も単純なもの)ならば(ある程度は)慣れることもできるだろうが、真に意味ある英語を理解できるのは、その意味構造を解剖学的視点で吟味し見通す目を持った人々だけである。意味を見抜く眼力を持つ人々のみが、真の英語使いたり得るのだ。漫然と聞く耳しか持たぬのではまるでラチが開かない、というのが実際のところなのである。本書を通して諸君はいまだかつて夢想だにしなかった境地に到達できるかもしれない。本書を見る前と後とでは、諸君は別人になっているにちがいない。本書は本来『reversEnglish (でんぐリングリッシュ)』(日本人学生のために英語で書かれた英語修得の方法論の指南書)の「視覚的補助教材」として書かれたものではあるが、英語を耳で聞いては又聞きの口ずさみに終始するばかりで、「吟味する目」を持つ人々並みには英語を真に使いこなせずにいる人々にとってもまた、本書は「開眼の書」たり得る可能性を秘めている。諸君も、安易な又聞きに頼らずに自分の目を通して実際本書の中身を見て独自に確認してみるのが賢明というものだろう。
<INTRODUCTION to anatomy of reversENGLISH>
(S) < This book > (V) is (C) a { never-before-seen } (id)attempt at| < (V) visualizing (O) « the process of < English interpretation > » > . Although (S) < (id)most of| < ( 1 )our daily conversation and ( 2 )(*){ ( mechanically ) recited } (1)words and (2)phrases ( (*)by (1)< { poor } actors > and (2)< { the second-rate } narrators > ) > > ( simply ) (V) develop ( as < pure sounds ( in < our ears > ) > ),    /    (S) < { ( consciously ) understood } English > (aV) is ( visually ) (V) seen ( through < our mind's eye > )( Even ) (S) < ^those^ { (S) < ^who^ > (V) are (C) ( linguistically ) blind } > (aV) could ( still ) (V) get (V) used (id)more or less| to < (id)the very| simplest of < daily { give-and-take } conversation ( in < English > ) > >; but (S) < { ( truly ) meaningful } English > (aV) could ( ^only^ ) (aV) be (id)(V) taken in| ( ^by^ ^those^ { (S) < ^who^ > (aV) can (id)(V) see through| < its semantic structure > ( with < { ( anatomically ) scrutinizing } eyes > ) } )(S) < ^Those^ { (S) < ^who^ > (aV) can (V) see } > (aV) can ( really ) (V) command (O) « English »; ^those^ { (S) < ^who^ > (aV) can ( just ) (V) hear } (id)(aV) can't ( actually ) (V) go ( anywhere )|(S) < This book > (aV) may (V) take (O) « you »( ◎somewhere { [ ( that ) ] (S) < you > (aV) have never (id)(V) dreamt of| < (V) going > ( before ) } ). ( After (S) < you >(aV) 've (V) seen (O) « it » ) (S) < you > (aV) may never (V) be (C) the same ( again )( Although (S) < it > (aV) is ( primarily ) (V) written ( as < (w)a { visual } aid to| < "reversEnglish (でんぐリングリッシュ)", [ (S) < which > (V) is ] (C) ◎a guidebook (1){ for < Japanese students > } (2){ on < how to (V) master (O) « English » > } (3){ [ (S) < which > (aV) is ] ] (V) written ( in < English > ) } > > ) ), (S) < it > (aV) may ( also ) (V) serve ( as < an eye-opener for < ^those^ { (*)(S) < ^who^ > ( 1 )(*)(aV) can ( only ) (1)(V) hear and (2)(V) say (*)(O) « (O) « what » (S) < they > (V) hear (C) (V) said » but ( 2 )(aV) ca^n't^ ^really^ (V) command (O) « English » ( ◎the way { [ ( in < which > ) ] (S) < ^those^ { (S) < ^who^ > (aV) can (V) see } > (id)(V) deal with| < it > } ) } > > ). (S) < You >(id)(aV) 'd (V) be (C) well-advised to| (id)(V) check and( = to ) (V) see| (1)( (id)for < yourself >| ), (2)with < your own eyes >, not (3)( through < idle hearsay > )
<legends of anatomy(解剖学的解釈記号一覧)>
=4 main elements of a sentence(文の4大主要素)=
(S) < (S)subject(=主語) >
(V) (V)verb(=動詞)
(O) « (O)object(=動詞の目的語) »
(C) (C)complement(=補語)

   =subsidiary elements of a sentence(文の副次的要素)=
   (aV) (auxv)auxiliary verb(=助動詞)
   < (po)prepositional object(=前置詞の目的語) >

    =accessory elements of a sentence(文の装飾的要素)=
    ( adverb(=副詞) )
    { adjective(=形容詞) }

     =particular combination of words and phrases(語句の個別的連携)=
     (id)idiomatic expression|(=熟語的表現)
     (w)specific word / phrase|(=定型句)
     ^correlative^^expression^(=相関表現)

 =semantic / grammatical units(意味別・文法別構成要素)=
 ◎antecedent / words modified by adjective(=先行詞/形容詞被修飾成文)
 { relative (pronoun/adverb/adjective) clause }(=関係代名詞/副詞/形容詞節)
 comparison(=比較)
 components (*)of (1)common-(2)relation(=共通構文構成要素)
 [ omittable elements ](=省略可能成文)
 [ ellipsis ](=被省略成文補足)
 〘 parenthesis 〙(=挿入成文)
 paraphrase( = to put it another way )(=換言)
    =modal units(様相別成文)=
    passive voice(=受動態)
    perfect tense(=完了形)
     | progressive form | (=進行形)
      present participle(=現在分詞)
      gerund(=動名詞)





= How this book is composed = = 01 =  = 02 =  = 03 =
ReversENGLISH
◎the way { [ in < which > ] (S) < { English illiterate } Japanese > (V) feel }
vs. ◎the way { [ in < which > ] (S) < { English capable } people > (V) think }
by Jaugo Noto
Beneath < Umbrella of < ZUBARAIE LLC. > >
http://zubaraie.com


― How (S) < this book > (aV) is (V) composed
  (S) < This > (V) is (C) ◎a book ( 1 ){ (1)on 〘 (and (2)in) 〙 (*)< English > ( 2 ){ for < (1)starters and (2)restarters > 〘 (especially the latter( = restarters )) 〙 } } ( 3 ){ to ^(V) enable^ (O) « them » (C) ^to^ (*)(V) have (1)(O) « a clear-cut image of < (O) « what » (S) < they > | (aV) are (V) studying | > », (2)(O) « (id)a { reliable } set of| ◎methodology { to (V) guide (O) « them » to < English mastery > } », and (3)(O) « ◎a mental attitude [ (S) < which > (V) is ] (C) (id)common to| < ◎all ^those^ { (S) < ^who^ > (id)(V) succeed in| < linguistic studies > } > » }...    /    ( (id)in { conscious } contrast to| < ◎the (1){ time-honored } 〘 (and (2){ corpse-ridden }) 〙 (*)way [ in < which > ] (S) < the Japanese > ( generally ) (V) fail in < (V) mastering (O) « English » > > ),    /    ( (*)[ with ] < (1)(S) < the original English sentences > [ (aV) being (V) placed ] ( (id)on the left| ) and (2)(S) < Japanese translation > [ (aV) being (V) placed ] ( (id)on the right| ) > ) ( Hence ) [ (V) comes ] (S) < the title of < ◎"ReversENGLISH (でんぐリングリッシュ:DENGLENGLISH)" >, { (*)(V) meaning( = (S) < which > (V) means ) (1)(O) « "ENGLISH { UPSIDE DOWN }" » or (2)(O) « "A (w)Copernican revolution| in < your { English studying } attitude" > » } >
  (S) < This book > (V) is (C) (id)full of| < { ( quite ) bookish } (*)knowledge (1){ about < English > }, (id)or rather|, (2){ about < (V) studying (O) « English » > > } (S) < It > (V) is (C) no ◎workbook { (id)full of| < ◎practice { to (1)(V) introduce and (2)(V) inure (*)(O) « you » to < actual English usage > } > } , ( nor ) (V) is (S) < it > (S) < (id)a kind of| < ◎"(w)placebo|" { (V) giving( = (S) < which > (V) gives ) (O) « you » (O) « a (1){ sweet } 〘 (but (2){ vain }) 〙 (*)hope of < English mastery > » ( through < ( incredibly ) (id){ small } numbers of| < magical formulas > > ) } > >
  (S) < This book ( alone ) > (aV) does not ^(V) enable^ (O) « you » (C) ^to^ (V) command (O) « English » ; (S) < it > ^(V) enables^ (O) « you » (C) ^to^ ( correctly ) (1)(V) study 〘 (and ( consequently ) (2)(V) master ( eventually )) 〙 (*)(O) « English » (S) < It > (V) shows (O) « you » (O) « a summary of < (*)(O) « what » (S) < all Japanese (w)junior high school| graduates > (1)(aV) should (aV) have (V) known 〘 ((id)at least|, (2)(aV) should (aV) have (aV) been (V) taught) 〙 > »    /    but (S) < it > (aV) does not (V) expound (O) « such knowledge » ( (id)in detail| )(S) < It > ( only ) (V) shows (O) « you » (O) « (O) « what » to ^(V) make^ ^of^ < ^those^ separate (id)pieces of| knowledge { [ (O) « ^which^ » ] (*)(S) < you > (1)(aV) have (aV) been 〘 (or (2)(aV) are | (aV) being | ) 〙 (*)(V) taught ( at < school > ) } > »(S) < It > (V) shows (O) « you » (O) « "(w)a big picture|" of < the world of < English > > »,   /    (id)instead of| < (V) telling (O) « you » (O) « { what } pigments { to (V) use ( to (V) draw (O) « some particular corners of < the world > » ) } » >
  (S) < This book > (id)(aV) is (V) composed of| < eighteen(18) sections >(S) < The first one > (V) is (C) ( purely ) introductory , (id)a sort of| < (w)preface to| < the book > >(S) < The following ten(10) sections (2 ― 11) > (aV) will (V) give (O) « you » (O) « a general view of < (1)(O) « what » and (2)how (*)(S) < you > (V) study ( (id)at the onset of| < your { English studying } career > ) > »(S) < A complete beginner in < English > > ((w)the 1st grader| ( in < (w)a junior high school| ) ( in < Japan > ) >) (aV) may ( still ) (V) find (O) « them » (C) intangible ,    /    while (S) < others > 〘 (( especially ) restarters) 〙 (aV) will (V) find (O) « them » (C) ( confidently ) familiar , ( [ (V) being ] (C) assured [ that ] (S) < they > (aV) have not (V) missed (O) « much » ( in < their past (id)attempts at| < English mastery > > ) )... ( [ even ] if (S) < they > (aV) have [ (V) missed (O) « much » ] ), (S) < they > ^have only to^ (1)(id)(V) read through| < these 10 sections > and (2)^(V) try^ (O) « (V) review^ing^ (O) « their old English textbooks » » ^to^ (V) get (C) ( comfortably ) reassured
  (S) < The next four(4) sections (12 ― 15) > (aV) will ^(V) lecture^ (O) « you » not so much ( ^on^ < (*){ particular } (1)facts and (2)knowledge (*)of < English > > ) as ( ^on^ < ◎desirable attitudes { to ^(V) enable^ (O) « you » (C) ^to^ (V) master (O) « this language » } > )( Though [ (S) < they > (*)(V) are ] (1)(C) ( rather ) abstract and (2)(C) ( partly ) difficult ( for < beginners > ) ), (S) < all Japanese students of < English > > (id)(aV) would (V) be (C) well-advised to| (V) read (O) « these instructions » ( first )(S) < Most readers > (aV) may (V) find (O) « themselves » (C) ( shockingly ) (id)averse to| < (id)most of| < (O) « what » (S) < the author > (V) says ( in < these sections > ) > > ; ( then( = if so ) ), (S) < that > (V) is (C) [ ◎the point ] { where( = at < which > ) (S) < the ^difference^ > (V) lies ( ^between^ < you > ^and^ < ◎me, { (S) < who > (*)(aV) have (1)(V) written (O) « this book » ( in < English language > ) and (2)(V) offered (O) « Japanese translation » ( for (S) < you > to (V) follow (O) « me » ) } ) > }
  (S) < The last three(3) sections (16 ― 18) > (aV) will (id)(V) focus on| < how to (id)(V) make (O) « the best [ use ] » of| < (w)learning materials|(1)dictionaries, (2)typewriters, and (3)textbooks > >( Although (S) < some Japanese > (aV) may (V) find (O) « section 16 (on < (*)the (1)electric dictionary and (2)(w)personal computer| >) and 17 (on < (*)the (1)(w)typewriter| or (2)(w)word-processor| >) » (C) (id)irrelevant to| < themselves > ), (S) < this author > (V) ( strongly ) recommends (O) « you » (C) (*)to (1)(V) read (O) « them » and (2)(V) reconsider (O) « your attitudes » ( accordingly ) (S) < The last section (18) > (1)(aV) will (aV) be (V) found (C) [ to (V) be ] (C) most shocking ( by < most (*){ Japanese } (1)students and (2)teachers > ), and( = and yet ) (2)(aV) will (V) be (C) (id)of { the greatest } help| ( to < ^those^ { (S) < ^who^ > (V) get (O) « the message » ( right ) } > )
  ( (id)All in all| ), (S) < this book > (V) is more (C) ◎guideposts { standing( = (S) < which > (V) stand ) ( at < the most critical points ) > } than (C) a (*){ constant } (1)guide or (2)attendant ( (*)in < your journey to < English mastery > > ) ( Though (S) < it > (aV) will not (V) accompany (O) « you » ( (id)all the way| ) ), (S) < it > (V) shows (O) « you » ( 1 )(O) « ◎the right direction { [ in < which > ] (S) < you > (aV) should (V) go } » and ( 2 )(O) « ◎the correct methodology { for (S) < you > to (V) follow ( (id)at the ( very ) beginning of| < your (id)attempt at| < (1)(V) conquering 〘 (or (2)(id)(V) revenging on|) 〙 (*)(O) « < English > » > > ) } »^(V) Take^ (O) « a wrong step », ^and^ (S) < you > (id)(V) are (C) sure to|| (id)(V) go ( astray )| ( If (S) < you > (id)want to| (V) reach (O) « your desired goal » ), (id)(V) read through| < this book > and (V) take (O) « the right step » ( (id)at the start of| < your (*){ English } (1)studying 〘 (or (2)re-studying) 〙 (*)career > )(w)Bon voyage|( = (V) Have (O) « a nice trip » ).
October 18, 2012
Jaugo Noto(之人冗悟:のと・じゃうご)
Beneath < Umbrella of < ZUBARAIE LLC. > >
http://zubaraie.com 

  ...addition( There ) (V) is (S) < (id){ another } version of| < this book > { (id)(V) consisting( = (S) < which > (V) consists ) ( entirely ) of| < ANATOMICAL INTERPRETATION for < (w)each and every| sentence of < it > > > } >(V) See (O) « it »( = THIS BOOK: Anatomy of reversENGLISH ) ( to (V) gaze into < the lucid mind’s image of < { ENGLISH LITERATE } intellectuals > > ).




= How this book is composed = = 01 =  = 02 =  = 03 =
1.(S) < School (w)teaching curricula| > (aV) are (V) made
( ( exclusively ) (1)for < (1)teachers and (2)schools > ), not ( (2)for < learners > )
(S) < ◎The first thing { for (S) < English learners ( in < Japan > ) > to (V) consider } > (V) is (C) (id)the last thing| { (O) « [ that ] » (S) < any ordinary teacher > (aV) would ( ever ) (V) teach (O) « you » } : NEVER ^(V) put^ (O) « easy ^trust in^ < your teachers' curricula > »,    /    for (S) < they > (aV) are (V) made (1)(id)for the convenience of| < (1)teachers or (2)schools >, not (2)(id)for the benefit of| < learners >
  (S) < A school's basic functions > (V) are (C) twofold ( (w)First and foremost| ), (S) < it > (aV) should (V) be (C) ◎a place { for (S) < learners > to (*)(V) acquire (O) « (1)knowledge and (2)skill » } ( (id)Secondary to| < the (*){ first } { (1)learning and (2)teaching } (*)function > ), (S) < a school > (V) is (C) ◎a place { for (S) < teachers > to (V) give (O) « grades » ( to < learners > ) } (S) < Good grades ( at < schools > ) > (V) give (O) « (w)social grace| ( to < learners > ) »(S) < Poor marks ( in < exams > ) > ^(V) encourage^ (O) « idle learners ( ^into^ (V) studying ( harder ) ) »(S) < Schools > (V) maintain (O) « such social interactivity » ( (id)on the strength of| < their function ( as < grade providers > ) > )( Therefore ), (S) < schools > (aV) must (V) have (O) « criteria { for < (V) deciding (O) « (O) « { what } grades » to (V) provide ( to < learners > ) » > } »( When (S) < schools > (V) prepare (O) « (w)teaching materials| » ), (1)(S) < fragmentation >, (2)(S) < separation > and (3)(S) < grouping > (*)of < ◎things { to (V) teach } > (aV) are (V) made(S) < They > (aV) are (V) divided ( into < such small parts > ) ( ( just ) ^in order for^ (S) < teachers > ^to^ (V) ( efficiently ) judge (O) « the performance of < learners > » )( If (S) < 8 ( (id)out of| < 10 ◎things { to (V) master } > ) > (aV) are (V) shown 〘 in < an exam > to (aV) have (aV) been ( successfully ) (V) acquired ( by < a particular learner > ) ), (S) < ◎the grade { to (aV) be (V) provided } > (aV) should (V) be (C) EXCELLENT ; (S) < two ( (id)out of| < ten > ) > (aV) should (aV) be ( shamefully ) (id)(V) branded as| < FAILURE >
  ( If (S) < mastery of < English > > (V) is (C) the real goal ), ( however ), (S) < ◎anything { less than < PERFECT > }◎10 things { (V) mastered ( (id)out of| < ◎10 things { (V) taught } > ) }> (aV) should not (aV) be (V) accepted( (id)In actuality| ), (S) < schools > (V) give (O) « ^such^ benevolent grades ^as^ < (1)(w)SATISFACTORY| or (2)(w)AVERAGE| or (3)(w)PASSING| > ( to < ◎learners { (S) < who > (V) ( ^only^ ) marked (O) « (1)^5^ or (2)^6^ (*)( (id)out of| < 10 > ) » } > ) »(S) < FAILURE ( of < learners > ) > (V) brings (O) « shame » ( to < schools > ) ( too ), (id)so that| (S) < schools > (id)have (*)to| (1)^(V) brand^ ( even ) (O) « { (w)BELOW AVERAGE| } learners » ( ^as^ < (w)CONDITIONALLY PASSED| > ) and (2)(aV) let (O) « such (w)low achievers| » (id)(V) get (C) away with it|; 〘 or (aV) should (S) < we > (V) say, ( just ) (3)(id)(V) get (C) rid of|| < such encumbrances >
  ( In < the world of < English grammar > > ), (S) < some things > (aV) should, 〘 logically 〙, (aV) be (*)( collectively ) (1)(V) taught and (2)(V) comprehended ( (1)in < one (id)set of| < knowledge > >, not (2)(id)in < { many } { separate } pieces| > ), ( (C) (*)however (1)tough and (2)daunting (S) < they > (aV) may ( (id)at first| ) (V) appear )(S) < They > (aV) can't, ( (id)of course| ), (aV) be (V) mastered ( (id)at a time| ). But (S) < to (V) offer (O) « such { ( essentially ) collective } (id)set of| < knowledge > » ( (id)in { ( too ) many ( seemingly ) unrelated } fragments| ) > (aV) will ( only ) (V) make (O) « their mastery » (C) all ^the^ more difficult ( ^for^ < the number of (1)< separate lessons > and (2)< the lapse of < time ( between < them > ) > > > )
  ^(V) Take^, ( ^(id)for example|^ ), (O) « the subject of < (w)tense| > »( In < English > ), (S) < they > (V) have (O) « the (1)(w)past tense|, (2)(w)present tense|, (3)(w)future tense| and (4)(w)perfect tense| ». While (S) < (w)the perfect tense| > (aV) is ( further ) (id)(V) divided into| < (1)(w)the present perfect|, (2)(w)the past perfect| and (3)(w)the future perfect| >,    /    (S) < (w)the past perfect tense| > (aV) is ( intricately ) (id)(V) associated with| < (w)subjunctive mood| >(S) < These temporal elements of < English > > (aV) may (V) seem (C) [ to (V) be ] (C) ^too^ ◎complicated { ^to^ (1)(V) teach and (2)(V) master ( (id)at a time| ) } . But (S) < ( 1 )perfect ^separation^ of < (w)the (1){ present } (*)(w)tense|| ^from^ < (2){ future } or (3){ past } > > and ( 2 )^(V) spending^ (O) « several months of < lessons > » ( ( solely ) ^in^ < (w)the present tense| > ) ( (id)at the { total } exclusion of| < (w)(*)the (1){ past } or (2){ future } (*)tense| > ) > (id)(V) makes (O) « ^no^ sense »| ( ^(id)at all|^ ) ( (id)from { logical } point of view| )( (id)From { practical } point of view| ( (id)on the side (*)of| < (1)teachers and (2)schools > ) ), ( however ), (S) < such nonsensical separations > (id)(V) make { perfect } (O) « sense »|: (S) < they > (V) make (O) « ^it^ » (C) easier ^(*)to^ (1)(V) judge (O) « the performance of < learners > » and (2)(V) give (O) « them » (O) « grades » ( accordingly )( ^If^ (S) < (*)the (1)past, (2)present and (3)future > (id)were to| (aV) be (id)(V) dealt with| ( (id)at a time| ), ( just like [ (S) < they > (aV) are (V) dealt with ] in < the world of < { ( actually ) spoken } English > > ) ), ( there ) (V) (aV) would (V) be (S) < chaos > ( in < classrooms > ) ( for < (*){ some }(1)weeks or (2)months >, ( during < { which } time > ) (S) < no exact grades > (aV) could (aV) be (V) awarded ( to < learners > ) ( (id)according to| < their respective performance > ) )(S) < ^It^ > (V) is, ( therefore ), (C) logical ^for^ (S) < teachers > ^to^ ^(V) separate^ (O) « (*)the (1){ past } and (2){ future } » ^from^ < (w)the (3){ present } (*)tense| >, ( (id)with ◎the result { that|| (S) < (*)the (1){ future } and (2){ past } (*)tenses > ( in < Japanese teaching of < English > > ) (V) have (O) « their presence » ( with < considerable (w)time lag| ( after < (w)the present tense| > ) > ) } )
  ( If ^(S) < it > (V) is^ (C) mastery of < English > ^(O) « that »^ (S) < (1)learners and (2)teachers > (V) have ( as < their aim > ) ), (S) < (*)the (1)arrangement and (2)management (*)of < ◎things { (*)to (1)(V) teach and (2)(V) learn }[ (*)(aV) being ] ( actually ) (1)(V) taught but (id)not exactly| (2)(V) learnt( at < most Japanese schools > ) > > (V) are (C) ^too^ problematic ( ^to^ (V) be (C) practical )(S) < They > ^(V) present^ (O) « learners » ( ^with^ < (w)jigsaw puzzles| { with < ^too^ many (w)missing pieces| ( ^to^ (V) imagine (O) « < what > (S) < the whole picture > (id)(V) looks like| » ) > } > )[ (S) < ^It^ > (V) is ] (id)(C) No wonder [ ^that^ ]| (S) < few Japanese > (aV) can ( fully ) (V) draw (O) « realistic pictures » ( in < English words > )
  (S) < (*)The (1){ actual } and (2){ practical } (*)(w)world-picture| of < English > > (aV) ought to (V) be (V) treated ( (1)(id)as a whole| ), not ( (2)as < ◎fragmented pieces { [ (S) < which > (aV) are ] (id)(V) put together| > ( after < (1){ long } (2){ patient } (*)efforts of < (w)garbage collection| > > ) } )(S) < (*){ Perfect } (1)comprehension and (2)mastery (*)of < the whole picture > > (aV) will (V) take (O) « some time » ( anyway ), but (S) < that (w)time-table| > (aV) should (aV) be (V) set (1)( by < (*){ learners' } (1)ardency and (2)intellectual capacity > ), not (2)( by < (S) < (1)teachers and (2)schools > ^(V) cutting^ (O) « a picture » ( ^into < ◎pieces^ { [ (S) < which > (aV) are ] ( conveniently ) (V) arranged for < (1)(V) judging, not (2)(V) improving, (*)(O) « learners' performance » > } > ) > )
  ( Now ), (S) < you > (aV) must (aV) have (V) understood: (S) < (S) < what > (V) is (C) important ( in < English learning > ) > (V) is ^not^ (1)(C) (id)preparation for| < ◎lessons { to (V) come } > , ^but^ (2)(C) reviews of < ◎lessons { [ (S) < which > (aV) have ] ] ( already ) [ (*)(aV) been ] (1)(V) taught but (id)^not^ quite| (2)(V) learnt ( ^yet^ ) } > (S) < This book > (id)(V) deals with| < collective knowledge of < English > > ( (id)in a bulk| )(S) < They > (aV) may (V) fly (C) past ( before < you > ) ( like (S) < (w)runaway horses| > ) ( (id)at first| ): (S) < you > (aV) may (V) feel (id)(V) run over| ( by < them > ) ( once ), but (S) < (id)(V) going over| < them > ( twice ) > (aV) will (id)(V) get (O) « you » ( somewhere )|; ( (id)(V) running (O) « them » over| ( (id)again and again| ) ), (S) < you > (aV) will (id)(V) come to| (V) know (O) « (1)where and (2)how (*)to (V) go »( With < { ^each^ } { additional } review > ), (S) < you > (aV) will (V) get (C) ^the^ nearer ( to < the goal > ) (S) < ^The test of^ < an English textbook > > (S) < ^is^ > ( ^in the^ (V) re-visit^ing^ ): (S) < a good one > (V) gives (O) « you » (O) « (w)the big picture| { (O) « [ which ] » (S) < you > (id)(V) failed to| (V) see ( at < the first reading > ) } »; (S) < a poor guide > (id)( 1 )(V) insists on| < (V) teaching (O) « you » (O) « how to (V) move (O) « your feet » » > but ( 2 )(V) gives (O) « you » (O) « no idea [ about ] (1)< where (S) < you > | (aV) are (V) going | > and (2)< how far (S) < you > (aV) have (V) come > or (3)< (S) < ◎how much > (aV) is (V) left { to (aV) be (V) conquered } > »(S) < This book > (aV) is (V) written ( (id)in { conscious } opposition to| < such poor guidebooks of < English > ( as < { tedious } (w)contrary teachers| { to (V) avoid > } ) > ); (S) < ^whether^ (S) < it > (V) is (C) a good guide ^or not^ > (aV) is ^(V) left^ ( ^for^ (S) < you > ^to^ (V) judge )... after < several reviews >, with < the visual assistance of < the { ( incredibly ) meticulous } anatomical interpretation guide of < this book > > >Anatomy of reversENGLISH(id)that is|.




= How this book is composed = = 01 =  = 02 =  = 03 =
2.{ Japanese } avoidance of < (w)personal pronouns| >
- (S) < Japanese language > (V) has (O) « no (w)personal pronouns| » -
  ( As (C) incredible as (S) < it > (aV) may (V) be ( to < native English speakers > ) ), (S) < Japanese language > (V) has (O) « no "人称代名詞(NINSHOU-DAIMEISHI:(w)personal pronouns|)" »: (S) < Japanese people > (V) use (O) « ^so^ many (w)nouns| » ( as < substitute (w)personal pronouns| > ) ^that^ (S) < ^(V) regarding^ (O) « them » ( all ) (C) ^as^ < (w)personal pronouns| > > (aV) would (id)(V) make (O) « ^no^ { linguistic } sense| » ( ^(id)at all|^ )( There ) (V) is (S) < no definite rule ( for < (w)nouns| { to (aV) be (V) used ( as < (id)substitutes for| < (w)personal pronouns| > > ) } > ) >: (S) < ( only ) personal choice of < the speaker > > (aV) will (V) decide (O) « { what } substitute (w)personal pronoun| { to (V) use ( for < (*)(w)any given| (1)person or (2)persons > ) ( in < Japanese language > ) } »
  
- [ ( There ) (V) is ] (S) < (*)No (1)mystique or (2)mistake (*)( with < (*)English (1){ personal }/(2){ impersonal } (*)(w)pronouns| > ) > -
  (S) < (*)English (1){ personal } and (2){ impersonal } (*)(w)pronouns| > (V) are (C) ( definitely ) fixed (S) < It > (aV) can (aV) be ( further ) (id)(V) divided into| < four forms > ( (id)according to| < its function ( in < the sentence > ) > ), (w)namely|, (1)"主格:SHUKAKU: (w)the subjective case|" (I, we, you, he, she, it, they), (2)"所有格:SHOYUUKAKU: (w)the possessive case|" (my, our, your, his, her, its, their), (3)"目的格:MOKUTEKIKAKU: (w)the objective case|" (me, us, you, him, her, it, them) and (4)"所有代名詞:SHOYUU-DAIMEISHI: (w)the possessive pronoun|" (mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs)
  (S) < All (*){ English } (1){ personal }/(2){ impersonal } (*)(w)pronouns| > (aV) can (aV) be (*)( systematically ) (1)(V) defined and (2)(V) memorized ( (id)in ◎the { following } manner| ), { ( with < which > ), ( as < a reference > ), (S) < this author > (aV) will (V) enumerate (O) « possible counterparts ( in < Japanese pseudo (w)personal pronouns| > ) ( in < (*)the (1){ subjective }/(2){ objective } (*)case > ) » } 〘 (( (aV) should (S) < you >( = if (S) < you > (aV) should ) (id)(V) want to| (V) use (O) « them » ( in < (*)the (1)(w)possessive case|/(2)(w)possessive pronoun| > ) ), ( simply ) (V) add (O) « "の:NO" » ( (id)at the end| )) 〙
  一人称(ICHI-NINSHOU: (w)the first person|) = ◎the person { [ (S) < who > | (aV) is ] (V) speaking | ( (1)(id)along with| or (2)(id)on behalf of| (*)< ◎the person(s) { (id)on the side of| < the speaker > } > ) }:
 単数(TANSUU: (w)singular|): I - my - me - mine
 Japanese substitutes: 私(WATASHI),私(WATAKUSHI),あたし(ATASHI),僕(BOKU),俺(ORE),俺っち(ORECCHI),あっし(ASSHI),あちき(ACHIKI),手前(TEMAE),自分(JIBUN),当方(TOUHOU),小生(SHOUSEI),儂(WASHI),うち(UCHI),こっち(KOCCHI),こちとら(KOCHITORA),etc,etc.
 複数(FUKUSUU: (w)plural|): we - our - us - ours
 Japanese substitutes: 私達/ら(WATASHI TACHI/RA),私達/ら/ども(WATAKUSHI TACHI/RA/DOMO),あたしたち/ら(ATASHI TACHI/RA),僕たち/ら(BOKU TACHI/RA),俺たち/ら(ORE TACHI/RA),あっしら(ASSHI RA),我々(WAREWARE),我等(WARERA),手前ども(TEMAE DOMO),自分たち/ら(JIBUN TACHI/RA),当方(TOUHOU),儂ら(WASHI RA),うちら(UCHI RA),こっち(KOCCHI),こちとら(KOCHITORA),etc,etc. 
  二人称(NI-NINSHOU: (w)the second person|) = (*)the (1)person or (2)persons { [ < whom > ] (S) < the speaker(s) > | (aV) is ( directly ) (id)(V) talking to| | }
 単数/複数(TANSUU/FUKUSUU: ^whether^ (w)singular| ^or^ (w)plural|): you - your - you - yours
 Japanese substitutes: 単数(TANSUU: (w)singular|): あなた(ANATA),あなたさま(ANATA SAMA),あんた(ANTA),君(KIMI),お前(OMAE),貴兄(KIKEI),兄(KEI),貴殿(KIDEN),おたく(OTAKU),汝(NANJI),そっち(SOCCHI),そちらさん(SOCHIRASAN),自分(JIBUN),われ(WARE),うぬ(UNU),おのれ(ONORE),おんどれ(ONDORE),おんどりゃー(ONDORYAA),きさま(KISAMA),こいつ(KOITSU),てめぇ(TEMEE),おめぇ(OMEE),この野郎(KONOYAROU),こんにゃろう(KONNYAROU),なろう(NAROU),こんちくしょう(KONCHIKUSHOU),こなくそ(KONAKUSO),etc,etc. 
複数(FUKUSUU: (w)plural|): あなたがた/たち/ら(ANATA GATA/TACHI/RA),あんたがた/たち/ら(ANTA GATA/TACHI/RA),君たち/ら(KIMI TACHI/RA),お前たち/ら(OMAE TACHI/RA),貴兄ら(KIKEI RA),兄ら(KEI RA),おたくたち/ら(OTAKU TACHI/RA),汝等(NANJI RA),そっち(SOCCHI),そちらさん(SOCHIRASAN),自分ら(JIBUN RA),われ(WARE),うぬら(UNU RA),おのれら(ONORE RA),おんどれ(ONDORE),おんどりゃー(ONDORYAA),きさまら(KISAMA RA),こいつら(KOITSU RA),てめぇら(TEMEE RA),おめぇら(OMEE RA),この野郎ども(KONOYAROU DOMO),こんにゃろうども(KONNYAROU DOMO),こんちくしょうども(KONCHIKUSHOU DOMO),こなくそ(KONAKUSO),etc,etc.
  三人称(SAN-NINSHOU: (w)the third person|) = ◎the person(s) or thing(s) { < [ that ] > (*)(S) < the speaker(s) > (1) | (aV) is ( indirectly ) (id)(V) referring to| | , not (2)( directly ) (id)(V) talking to| }
 男性単数(DANSEI TANSUU: (w)masculine| (w)singular|): he - his - him - his
 Japanese substitutes: 彼(KARE),あの男(ANO OTOKO),あの人(ANO HITO),あの方(ANO KATA),あのお方(ANO OKATA),氏(SHI),彼氏(KARESHI),あの者(ANO MONO),その者(SONO MONO),あの御仁(ANO GOJIN),あいつ(AITSU),あやつ(AYATSU),やつ(YATSU),きゃつ(KYATSU),そやつ(SOYATSU),やっこさん(YAKKO SAN),あんちくしょう(ANCHIKUSHOU),あんにゃろう(ANNYAROU),あちらさん(ACHIRA SAN),あの子(ANO KO),あの野郎(ANO YAROU),etc,etc.
 女性単数(JOSEI TANSUU: (w)feminine| (w)singular|): she - her - her - hers
 Japanese substitutes: 彼女(KANOJO),あの女(ANO ONNA),あの人(ANO HITO),あの方(ANO KATA),あのお方(ANO OKATA),あの者(ANO MONO),その者(SONO MONO),あの御仁(ANO GOJIN),あいつ(AITSU),あやつ(AYATSU),やつ(YATSU),きゃつ(KYATSU),そやつ(SOYATSU),やっこさん(YAKKO SAN),あんちくしょう(ANCHIKUSHOU),あんにゃろう(ANNYAROU),あちら(ACHIRA),あちらさん(ACHIRA SAN),あの娘(ANO KO),あのアマ(ANO AMA),あのスケ(ANO SUKE),etc,etc.
 非人称単数(HININSHOU TANSUU: (w)impersonal| (w)singular|): it - its - it - its
 Japanese substitutes: あれ(ARE),それ(SORE),あいつ(AITSU),そいつ(SOITSU),その物(SONO MONO),その何か(SONO NANIKA),etc,etc.
 男性・女性・中性または非人称複数(DANSEI・JOSEI・CHUUSEI or HININSHOU FUKUSUU: (w)plural| ^whether^ (w)masculine|, (w)feminine|, (w)neuter| ^or^ (w)impersonal|): they - their - them - theirs
 Japanese substitutes: 彼ら(KARE RA),それら(SORERA),そういう人たち(SOUIU HITO TACHI),そういう物たち(SOUIU MONO TACHI),あの人たち(ANO HITO TACHI),あの方たち(ANO KATA TACHI),あの男ども(ANO OTOKO DOMO),彼たち(KARE TACHI),あの女ども(ANO ONNNA DOMO),彼女ら/たち/ども(KANOJO TACHI/DOMO),あの連中(ANO RENCHUU),ああした連中(AASHITA RENCHUU),ああいう者ども(AAIU MONO DOMO),あいつら(AITSURA),あやつら(AYATSURA),やつら(YATSURA),きゃつら(KYATSURA),そいつら(SOITSURA),やっこさんたち(YAKKOSAN TACHI),あんちくしょうども(ANCHIKUSHOU DOMO),あちら(ACHIRA),あちらさん(ACHIRA SAN),あちらさんがた(ACHIRA SAN GATA),あんにゃろうども(ANNYAROU DOMO), etc,etc. 
  
- ◎The essential reason { why (S) < the Japanese > (V) avoid (O) « (V) calling (O) « someone » ( by < (*){ definite } (1)names or (2)(w)pronouns| > ) » } -
  ( To < ◎English speakers { [ (S) < who > (V) are ] (C) (id)at a loss| [ about ] < how to (V) make (O) « conversation » (C) possible ( with < so many possible substitutes > ) ( without < definite (w)personal pronouns| > ) > } > ), (id)(V) suffice (O) « ^it^ » ^to^ (V) say| (O) « [ that ](*)(S) < most Japanese sentences > ( 1 )(V) are (C) complete ( (*)without < (1)SHUGO((w)subjects|: I, we, you, he, she, it, they) or (2)MOKUTEKIGO((w)objects|: me, us, you, him, her, it, them) > ) and ( 2 )(id)^(V) consist^ ( mainly ) (*)of| (1)< DOUSHI((w)verbs|) > and (2)< its accompaniment > »( ( Quite ) incredibly ( for < English natives > ) ), (S) < "(S)I (V)love (O)you" > (V) is ( ( almost ) always ) (C) "(V)好きです(SUKI DESU)" ( (id)instead of| < (aV) being (V) expressed ( in < ^such^ ( perfectly ) formal Japanese ^as^ < "(S)私は(WATASHI WA) (O)あなたが(ANATA GA) (V)好きです(SUKI DESU)" > > ) > )
  While (S) < (1){ subjective } or (2){ objective } (*)ellipsis > (V) is (C) ( quite ) ◎rare { to (V) find } ( in < English sentences > ),    /    (S) < their formal existence > (V) is (C) rarer ( still ) ( in < Japanese > )( (id)In essence| ), (S) < Japanese people > ( positively ) (id)(V) hate (*)to| (1)(V) call or (2)(aV) be (V) called by (*)(O) « < definite names > »[ (aV) Do (S) < you > (V) think (O) « [ [ that ] ] (S) < it > ] (V) Sounds (C) crazy »(w)Maybe( = (S) < It > (aV) may (V) be (C) so )|, ( to < Indo-European speakers > ); but (S) < the avoidance of < direct name-calling > > (V) is (C) ◎a { time-honored } custom of < Japanese language > { (S) < which > (id)(V) has (O) « its root » ( in| < ◎their spiritual belief { [ (S) < which > (aV) is ] ] (V) called (C) "言霊(KOTODAMA: ◎spirit { [ (S) < which > (V) is ] (C) (id)inherent in| < (w)each and every| word > })" } > ) }
  (S) < The history of < Japanese (id)belief in| < ◎KOTODAMA > > > (V) is ( presumably ) (C) as old as (S) < the Japanese language ( itself ) > , (S) < which > (V) tells (O) « us » 〘 (( even ) today, (id)more or less|) 〙 (O) « that (S) < we > (aV) can (V) capture (O) « the spirit of < (w)any given| entity > » ( by ( simply ) (V) uttering (O) « ◎the word { (V) signifying( = (S) < which > (V) signifies ) (O) « the entity » } » ) »(S) < A name of < (1)someone or (2)something > > (aV) was (V) believed to (id)(V) have (O) « { some magical } power ( over|| < ◎the (1)person or (2)thing { < [ that ] > (S) < the name > (id)(V) stood for| } > ) »( (id)In fact| ), ( in < ancient Japan > 〘 ((id)up until| < the early years of < (w)the Heian Era| > >) 〙 ) the terms (1)"事(KOTO: thing)" and (2)"言(KOTO: word)" (aV) were ^so^ ( closely ) (V) associated ( together ) ^that^ (S) < they > (aV) were (V) felt to (V) be (C) ( virtually ) the same thing (S) < That > (V) is (C) [ the reason ] why (S) < ^it^ > (aV) was (V) thought (C) [ to (V) be ] (C) blasphemous ^to^ (V) call (O) « persons ( in < high positions > ) » ( by < ( directly ) (id)(V) referring to| < their names > > ) ( ( Even ) today ), (S) < (V) calling (O) « someone » ( by < their real name > ) > (V) is (C) ◎a privilege { [ (S) < which > (aV) is ] ] ( only ) (V) allowed ( to < ◎someone (C) { [ (S) < who > (V) is ] ( ( so ) intimately ) (C) near } > ) } ( When (S) < any other boys > (V) call (O) « a girl » ( by < (1){ affectionate } but (2){ general } (*)nickname "花子ちゃん(HANAKO CHAN)" > ) ), (S) < ( only ) her (w)true love| > (aV) can ( intimately ) (V) call (O) « her » (C) ◎"花子(HANAKO)" , (S) < which >, 〘 in < English >, (aV) can (aV) be ( bravely ) (id)(V) translated into| < "HANAKO, my dear" >(S) < Direct name-calling ( in < Japan > ) >, ( while [ (S) < it > (V) is ] (id)not strictly| (C) a taboo ( today ) ), (aV) could ( still ) (V) invoke (O) « ◎feelings { [ (S) < which > (V) are ] (C) (id)beyond < the wildest imagination of| < Western folks > > } »
  ( When (S) < name-calling > (aV) was 〘 thus 〙 ( consciously ) (V) avoided ), (S) < ^it^ > (V) was (C) ( only ) natural ^that^ (S) < (w)personal pronouns| > (id)(V) had (O) « no chance of|| < development > » ( in < the history of < Japanese language > > )( Moreover ), ( by < (V) giving (O) « someone » (O) « any definite pseudo (w)personal pronoun| » > ), (S) < Japanese people > (aV) will (V) make (O) « their mental stance » (C) clear ( toward < that person > ): (S) < ^whether^ (*)(S) < they > ( 1 )(V) respect(eg.あなたさま:ANATA SAMA), ( 2* )(V) feel (1)(C) (id)affectionate to| (eg.君:KIMI) or (2)(C) (id)distant from| (eg.おたく:OTAKU), ^or^ ( even ) ( positively ) ( 3 )(V) hate(eg.てめぇ:TEMEE) (*)(O) « < that person > » >, (aV) is (V) made (C) clear ( (*)by < the (1)choice and (2)use (*)of < a particular denomination > > )( (id)Rather than| < (V) putting (O) « themselves » ( in < a ( possibly ) awkward position > ) ( by < improper name-calling > ) > ), (S) < Japanese people > ( instinctively ) (V) avoid (O) « (V) using (O) « any (w)personal pronouns| » »,    /    (id)with ◎the { logical } consequence { that|| (S) < Japanese sentences > ( ( so ) frequently ) (V) omit (O) « (1)(w)subjects| or (2)(w)objects| », (id)only to| (aV) be (V) supplemented ( by < the reader's imagination > ( (id)according to| < the context > ) ) }
  ( For < Japanese learners of < English > > ), ( therefore ), (S) < the first thing { to (V) remember } > (V) is (C) never to (V) omit (O) « (1)(w)subjects| or (2)(w)objects| » ( in < English > ) , { (S) < which >, 〘 in < most cases >, (V) take (O) « the form of < (w)personal pronouns| > (I, we, you, he, she, it, they / me, us, you, him, her, it, them) » }(w)(S) < The good news > (V) is (C) [ that ] ||, (S) < they > (*)(V) are (1)(C) ( definitely ) fixed ( in < English > ) and (C) (2)^so^ ◎easy { to (V) understand } ^that^ (S) < Japanese people > (id)(aV) will (V) find (O) « { little } difficulty » [ in ]| (V) mastering (O) « them »,    /    and ( once (S) < they > (id)(V) get (C) acquainted with| < their use > ), (S) < they > (aV) can (V) feel (O) « the ^freedom^ of < English > ^from^ < ^those^ crazy variations of < (1)nuances and (2)restrictions > { ^(S) < which >^ (V) make (O) « Japanese conversation » (C) (*)^too^ (1)cramped and (2)( dishonestly ) unnatural ( ^to^ (V) reach (O) « people of < different social status > » ) } > »
  (w)(S) < The bad news > (V) is (C) [ that ] ||, (S) < ◎people { [ (S) < who > (aV) are ] ] ( once ) (id)(V) liberated from| < such crazy chains > } > (aV) will never (id)(V) want to| (id)(V) get back to| < their old { suffocating } ◎restraints of < the Japanese > >, { linguistic (id)or otherwise| } (S) < ^Those^ Japanese { ^(S) < who >^ (aV) have (id)(V) acquainted (O) « themselves » with| < English freedom > } > (aV) could (id)no longer| (id)(V) put up with| < ( suffocatingly ) absurd customs ( in < their native country > ) >(S) < A possible solution > (V) is (C) [ that ] (S) < all Japanese >, 〘 beyond < any social status >, (aV) should (id)be able to| (V) communicate ( freely ) ( in < English > ) , ^not^ ( (id)in order to| (V) desert (O) « Japanese » ) ^but^ ( (id)so that| (S) < they > (aV) can (V) understand (O) « (id)< what > (S) < ^it^ > (V) is (C) like ^to^| (V) be (C) Japanese » ), and( = and then ) (S) < they > (aV) will (id)(V) try 〘 consciously 〙 to| (V) make (O) « themselves » (C) ◎better, ( linguistically (id)or otherwise| ) [ (aV) Do (S) < you > (V) feel (O) « [ that ] (S) < it > ] (V) Sounds (C) impossible »(w)Maybe( = (S) < It > (aV) may (V) be (C) so )|... but (S) < it > (aV) may (id)(V) turn out to| (V) be (C) nothing ( [ when (S) < it > (aV) is ] ] (id)(V) compared to| < ◎the ^difficulty^ { (O) « [ which ] » (S) < foreign people > ^(V) find^ ( ^in^ < (V) deciding (O) « { what } pseudo (w)personal pronoun| { to (V) adopt ( in < their Japanese conversation > ) ) } » > } > )

- ^(V) Get^ (C) ^(V) acquainted^ ^with^ < English > ( through < (w)pronoun| pronouncement > ) -
  ( If (S) < you > (V) are (C) a complete beginner ( in < the study of < English > > ) ), (S) < ^it^ > (V) is (C) a ( very ) good practice (*)^to^ (1)^(V) change^ (O) « ◎anything { (O) « [ that ] » (S) < you > (V) see } » ^into^ < a (w)pronoun|(we, you, they, he, she, it... (S) < "I" > (aV) will ^(V) play^ (O) « no ^role^ » ( ^in^ < this practice > )) > and (2)( instantly ) (V) pronounce (O) « it »(S) < It > (V) seems (C) easy ( enough ) , but (S) < it > (V) takes (O) « some (id)(V) getting (C) used to| » ( before (S) < you > (V) are ( perfectly ) (C) (id)familiar with| < the notion of < English (w)pronouns| > > )(id)(aV) Shall (S) < we >| (V) take (O) « some examples »
  (S) < (id)One of| < the commonest ^mistakes^ { (O) « [ that ] » (S) < beginners > ^(V) make^ } > > (V) is (C) "personal association of < (w)impersonal pronouns| >" : to ^(V) confuse^ (O) « (w)an impersonal pronoun|(it, they, its, their, them) » ^with^ < ◎the person { [ < whom > ] (S) < it > (id)(aV) is (V) associated with| } >( (id)For example| ), ( [ in ◎a case ] where (S) < "(S) < Your lips > (V) look (C) ^so^ charming . [ ^that^ ] (S) < I > (id)(V) feel like| (V) kissing (O) « <them> »." > (V) is (C) the correct English ), (S) < beginners > (V) ( often ) say (O) « "...(S) < I > (id)(V) feel like| (V) kissing (O) « <you> »" » ( ( simply ) because (S) < "your lips" > (id)(V) belong to| < "you" > )( Likewise ), (S) < "(S) < My nose > | (aV) is (V) running | . (S) < <It> > ( simply ) (aV) wouldn't (V) stop" > (aV) will (aV) be (id)(V) mistaken for| < "... (S) < <I> > ( simply ) (aV) wouldn't (V) stop" > ( by < novice learners of < English > > )(S) < (1)"Your lips" and (2)"My nose" > (*)(V) are (1)(C) objects of < perception > , not (2)(C) (id)identical with| < ◎the person { [ < whom > ] (S) < they > (id)(V) belong to| } >
  (S) < This objectification process > (V) is (C) ( initially ) difficult ( for < ◎Japanese people >, (S) < who >( = because (S) < they > ) ( rarely ) ^(V) make^ (O) « mental ^distinction^ ( ^between^ < themselves > ^and^ < (1)things or (2)folks ( (*)around < them > ) > ) » )[ (aV) Do ] (S) < You > (V) doubt (O) « me »?... OK, ( then ), (O) « what » (aV) do (S) < you > (V) feel ( about < ^this^ English >^:^ "(S) < Our company > (V) is (C) (id)in { great } danger| ( now ). (S) < <It> > (id)has to| (V) regenerate (O) « <itself> »." )... (aV) didn't (*)(S) < you > (1)(V) feel (O) « it » (C) strange and (2)(id)want to| (V) say 〘 instead 〙 (O) « "...(S) < <We> > (id)have to| (V) regenerate (O) « <ourselves> »" »(S) < ^Identification^ of < oneself > ^with^ < (1)things or (2)folks ( (*)around < them > ) > > (V) is (C) ^so^ deep-rooted ( in < Japanese consciousness > ) ^that^ (S) < "(w)pronoun| pronouncement" > (V) is (C) important ( for < beginners > )
  (S) < To (id)be able to| (w)(V) paraphrase| (O) « anything » ( in < the correct form of < (1){ personal }/(2){ impersonal } (*)(w)pronoun|(I, we, you, they, he, she, it) > > ) > (V) is (C) (w)the cornerstone of| < your (w)command of| < English > > (aV) Do 〘 consciously 〙 (V) practice (O) « (w)pronoun| pronouncement » ( while (S) < you > (V) are (C) ( still ) (id)awkward with| < English language > )(S) < It > (aV) won't (V) take (O) « much effort », (S) < it > (aV) won't (V) take (O) « too much time », but (S) < it > (aV) will ( certainly ) (id)(V) take (O) « you » ( somewhere )|, ( when (S) < you > (V) are (C) ( completely ) sure [ that ] (S) < you > (aV) can (V) handle (O) « English (w)pronouns| » ( (1)instantly and (2)instinctively ) ).




= How this book is composed = = 01 =  = 02 =  = 03 =
3.(id)Lack of| < future > ( in < Japanese (w)tense| > )
  (S) < "時制(JISEI: (w)tense|)" > (V) is (C) ◎another dimension { ( in < which > ) (S) < Japanese language > (V) is (C) ( impossibly ) (id)different from| < English > } (S) < English consciousness > (aV) is ( clearly ) ^(V) divided^ 〘 by < temporal distinctions > ^into^ < three (w)tenses| >, (w)namely|, (1)"現在(GENZAI: the present)", (2)"過去(KAKO: the past)" and (3)"未来(MIRAI: the future)", { (S) < each of < which > > [ being ] with < possible accompaniment of < "完了形(KANRYOU-KEI: (w)the perfect tense|)" > >( = and (S) < each of < them > > (aV) can (id)(aV) be (V) accompanied by| (w)the perfect tense| ) },    /    while (S) < contemporary Japanese language > (id)(V) is ( essentially ) (C) lacking in| < (*)the (1){ future } and (2){ perfect } (*)(w)tenses| >

- (S) < (*)The (1)present and (2)future > (V) have (O) « no boundary » ( in < Japanese > ) -
  (id)(aV) Let (O) « us »| (C) (V) take (O) « ◎English examples » ( to (V) see (O) « the temporal difference ( in < their language > ) », { ( below < which > ) (aV) will (V) come (S) < their Japanese equivalents > ) }
  過去形(KAKO-KEI: (w)the past tense|)
(S) < I > (V) worked ( yesterday ).
私は昨日働いた(WATASHI WA KINOU HATARAITA)
 現在形(GENZAI-KEI: (w)the present tense|)
(S) < I > (V) work ( every day ).
私は毎日働く(WATASHI WA MAINICHI HATARAKU)
 未来形(MIRAI-KEI: (w)the future tense|)
(S) < I > (aV) will (V) work ( tomorrow ), ( too ).
私は明日も働く(WATASHI WA ASU MO HATARAKU) 
   ( For < each of < the { above-mentioned } forms of < (*)the (1)past, (2)present and (3)future > > > ), ( there ) (aV) can (V) be (S) < "完了形(KANRYOU-KEI: (w)the perfect tense|)" > ( (id)in the form of| < "have+過去分詞(KAKO-BUNSHI: (w)the past participle|)" > ) ( with (S) < "have" > [ (aV) being ] (id)(V) changed into| < "had/have/has/will have" > ( (id)in accordance (*)with| (1)< the (w)tense| > and (2)< the (w)subject| > ) ):
過去完了形(KAKO-KANRYOU-KEI: the past perfect tense)
(S) < I > (aV) had (V) worked ( eight hours ) ( by < then > ).
その時点までに私は既に8時間働いていた(SONO JITEN MADENI WATASHI WA SUDENI HACHI JIKAN HATARAITE ITA)
現在完了形(GENZAI-KANRYOU-KEI: the present perfect tense)
(S) < I > (aV) have (V) worked ( three hours ).
私は既に3時間働いた(WATASHI WA SUDENI SAN JIKAN HATARAITA)
未来完了形(MIRAI-KANRYOU-KEI: the future perfect tense)
(S) < I > (aV) will (aV) have (V) worked ( eight hours ) ( at < 5 P.M > ).
午後5時の時点で私は8時間働いたことになる(GOGO GOJI NO JITEN DE WATASHI WA HACHI JIKAN HATARAITA KOTO NI NARU)
  ( Now ), (S) < (*)the (1){ first } and (2){ easiest } thing { for (S) < Japanese learners > to (V) consider } > (V) is (C) the English ^distinction between^ < "現在形(GENZAI-KEI: (w)the present form|)" > ^and^ < "未来形(MIRAI-KEI: (w)the future form|)" > : (S) < simple addition of < the (w)auxiliary verb| "will" > ( before < (w)any given| (w)verb| > ) (in < its "原形:GENKEI=(w)root form|" >) > (aV) will (V) ^change^ (O) « (1)the { present } » ^into^ < (2)the { future } (*)(w)tense| >. While ( in < Japanese > ), ( there ) (V) is (S) < not ( even ) a ^distinction between^ < the present > ^and^ < the future > >, ( (S) < as > (aV) can (aV) be (V) seen ( in < the translations { above } > ) )(S) < The future ( in < Japanese language > ) > (aV) is ^not^ (V) shown ( (1)by < the "語尾変化(GOBI-HENKA: (w)inflection|)" of < (w)verbs| > > ) ^but^ ( (2)by < the presence of < "時の副詞(TOKI-NO-FUKUSHI: temporal (w)adverbs|)" > > )( If (S) < "明日(ASU:tomorrow)" > (aV) is (V) found ( within < the sentence > ) ), (S) < the (w)tense| > (aV) will (aV) be ( automatically ) ^(V) interpreted^ ^as^ < (id)(V) belonging to| < "the future" > >,    /    (id)so that| (S) < "私は明日働く(WATASHI WA ASU HATARAKU)" > (id)does not have to| (aV) be ( meticulously ) (V) written as < "私は明日働くだろう(WATASHI WA ASU HATARAKU DAROU)" >

- { Volitional } "will" and { expecting } "will" -
  ( [ If (S) < it > (aV) is ] ] ( Precisely ) (V) interpreted ), (S) < the English (w)auxiliary verb| "will" > (aV) can (aV) be (id)(V) translated into| < two (id)types of| < Japanese expressions > >: (1)volitional "つもりだ(TSUMORI DA)" and (2)expecting(non-volitional) "だろう(DAROU)"
  ( When (S) < the "will" > (id)(aV) is (V) meant as| < volitional declaration > ), (S) < its Japanese equivalent > (aV) should ^either^ (V) be (1)(C) "つもりだ(TSUMORI DA)" ^or^ (2)(C) "" nothing { added }( (id)In fact| ), (S) < "つもり(TSUMORI)" ( in < Japanese > ) > (id)(V) has (O) « a way of|| < (id)(V) sounding ( more ) like| < a pretext > than < a declaration of < firm will > > > »,    /    (id)so that|, ( in < normal contexts > ), (S) < ( volitionally ) imagined future ( in < Japanese > ) > (id)(aV) is ( rarely ) (V) accompanied by| < "つもりだ(TSUMORI DA)" >( If (S) < you > (V) find (O) « a Japanese sentence "私は明日働くつもりだ(WATASHI WA ASU HATARAKU TSUMORI DA)" » ), (S) < you > (aV) may 〘 reasonably 〙 (V) expect (O) « [ that ] (S) < ◎the person { [ (S) < who > | (aV) is ] ] (V) speaking | ( like < that > ) } > | (aV) WILL NOT (id)in fact| (aV) BE (V) WORKING | ( tomorrow ) »
  ( When (*)(S) < English "will" > (1)(V) has (O) « ^no^ volition » ( in < it > ) ^but^ (2)(id)(aV) is (V) meant as| < an objective expectation of < future events > > ), (S) < the Japanese equivalent > (V) is (C) "だろう(DAROU)" , ( as < (id)in the case of| < "(S) < It > (aV) will (V) rain ( tomorrow )" [ (aV) being ] ^(V) translated^ ^into^ < "明日は雨が降るだろう(ASU WA AME GA FURU DAROU)" > > > )
  ( (id)In summary| ), (S) < (w)the future tense| ( in < English language > ) >, 〘 while [ (aV) being ] (V) expressed by < the addition of < the same (w)auxiliary verb| "will" ( before < (w)the root form| of < a (w)verb| > > ) > >, (aV) is ^(V) divided^ ^(*)into^ (1)< "volitional future"="つもりだ(TSUMORI DA)" > and (2)< "( simply ) expected(non-volitional) future"="だろう(DAROU)" >( In < actual Japanese > ), (S) < volitional future > (V) is (C) no (id)different from| < (w)the present tense| > , [ (aV) being ] ( usually ) (V) used ( without < "つもりだ(TSUMORI DA)" > ),    /    and (S) < non-volitional future > (aV) can ( often ) (aV) be (V) used ( without < "だろう(DAROU)" > ) ( (id)in case| ( there ) (V) is (S) < ◎some temporal (w)adverb| { to (V) show (O) « [ that ] (S) < the sentence > (V) develops ( (id)in the future| ) » } >, (V) making( = (S) < which > (V) makes ) (O) « it » ( virtually ) (C) (id)identical with| < (w)the present tense| > , ( too ) )

- (S) < English (w)past tense| > (V) has (O) « ^so^ many variations » ^that^ (S) < conscious memorizing process > (aV) is (V) required -
  ( In < Japanese language > ), (S) < (w)the past tense| > (aV) can ( quite simply ) (aV) be (V) expressed ( by < (V) modifying (O) « the DOUSHI((w)verb|) » ( with < ^such^ inflections ^as^ < "た(TA)", "だ(DA)" or "した(SHITA)" > > ) > ):
eg."(S) < He > (V) says ( so ):彼はそう言う(KAREWA SOU IU) into < (S) < He > (V) said ( so ):彼はそう言った(KARE WA SOU ITTA)" >,
"(S) < She > (V) dies:彼女は死ぬ(KANOJO WA SHINU) into < (S) < She > (V) died:彼女は死んだ(KANOJO WA SHINDA)" >
or "(S) < We > (V) evacuate:我々は避難する(WAREWARE WA HINAN SURU) into < (S) < We > (V) evacuated:我々は避難した(WAREWARE WA HINAN SHITA)" >.
 But ( in < English > ), ( while (S) < most (w)verbs| > (aV) can (V) signify (O) « (w)the past tense| » ( by < the simple addition of < (1)"d" or (2)"ed" > > ( (id)at the end of| < its (w)root form| (規則変化:KISOKU-HENKA: (w)regular conjugation|) > ) ) ), (S) < some (w)verbs| > (aV) must (V) take (O) « ( completely ) different forms (不規則変化:FUKISOKU-HENKA: (w)irregular conjugation|) » ( to (aV) be (*)(V) used (1)in < (w)the past tense| > 〘 ((w)namely|, (w)the past form|) 〙, (2)in < (w)the perfect tense| > or (3)in < (w)the passive voice| > 〘 ((w)viz| (w)the past participle|) 〙 )( Although (S) < their variations > (aV) must ( respectively ) (aV) be (V) memorized ), (S) < they > (aV) can ( loosely ) (aV) be (id)(V) grouped into| < the following four patterns >:
(1)A - B - B: (S) < (w)the past form| and (w)the past participle| > (V) take (O) « the same form »
eg. catch - caught - caught, hear - heard - heard, sit - sat - sat
(2)A - B - C: (S) < (w)the past form| and (w)the past participle| > (V) take (O) « different forms »
eg. break - broke - broken, fall - fell - fallen, lie - lay - lain
(3)A - B - A: (S) < (w)the present| and (w)the past participle| > (V) take (O) « the same form »
eg. become - became - become, come - came - come, run - ran - run
(4)A - A - A: (S) < (w)the present|, (w)the past| and (w)the past participle| > ( all ) (V) take (O) « the same form »
eg. cut - cut - cut, let - let - let, read - read - read 
  (S) < The more detailed list of < these (w)irregular conjugations| > > (aV) can (aV) be (V) found ( in < (*){ most } (1)(w)reference books| or (2)dictionaries > )( (id)Now that| (S) < you > (aV) have (V) known (O) « why (S) < ^it^ > (V) is (C) necessary ^to^ (id)(V) learn (O) « them » ( by heart )| » ), ( to (V) make (C) clear (O) « the temporal distinctions » ), (V) (aV) do (V) memorize (O) « them » ( all ) ( by < ( rhythmically ) (V) singing (O) « "ring - rang - rung, sing - sang - sung, sink - sank - sunk[en], etc, etc..." » > ) 

- (S) < Chinese language > (aV) does not ( even ) (V) have (O) « (w)the past form| » -
  ( Although (S) < Japanese language > (V) is (C) ( structurally ) (id)different from| < Chinese language > ), (S) < it > (V) borrows 〘 from Chinese 〙 (O) « its (w)ideographic| writing system: 漢字(KANJI=(w)Chinese characters|) ». But, ( unlike < Chinese > ), (S) < Japanese language > (id)(aV) is not (V) composed ( solely ) of| < KANJI >: (S) < it > ( also ) (V) has (O) « かな(仮名:KANA), (w)phonographic| writing system { [ (S) < which > (aV) was ] ] ( originally ) (V) invented ( from < (w)Chinese characters| > ) ( in < ancient Japan > ) } »^(S) < It > (V) is^ (C) this latter , KANA, ^(S) < which >^ (V) makes (O) « ^it^ » (C) possible ^for^ (S) < Japanese > ^to^ (V) act ( like < English > ) ( in < its (w)inflection| > ) ( to ^(V) differentiate^ (O) « (1)the { present } (*)tense » ^from^ < (2)the { past } > ), ( as [ (S) < it > (aV) is ] ] (V) seen ( in < the examples [ of ] (1)"私は働く(WATASHI WA HATARAKU: (S) < I > (V) work)" and (2)"私は働いた(WATASHI WA HATARAITA: (S) < I > (V) worked)" > ) )( In < this case > ), (S) < the addition of < the KANA [ of ] "た(TA)" > > (V) functions ( as < a symbol of < the past > > ), ( just like ( in < English > ) (S) < "ed" > (V) signifies (O) « (w)the past tense| » )
  But ( (id)in the case of| < ◎Chinese { (S) < which > (V) is (C) ( totally ) (w)ideographic| ( without < any (w)phonographic| supplement ( for < (V) making (O) « (w)inflection| » > ) > ) } > ), (S) < (w)verbs| > (aV) can't (V) show (O) « any ^distinction between^ (1)< the present >, (2)< the past > ^and^ (3)< the future > »(S) < A Chinese > "我働" (V) (aV) can (V) mean ^either^ (1)(O) « "(S) < I > (V) work (the present)" », (2)(O) « "(S) < I > (V) worked (the past)" » ^or^ (3)(O) « "(S) < I > (aV) will (V) work (the future)" » ( in < the same form > ), { (S) < the ^distinction^ of < which > > (aV) must (aV) be ^(V) made^ ( from < contextual judgment > ) }( More (id)( specifically ) [ speaking ]| ), (S) < the (w)Chinese character| "了(LA)" > (V) works ( to (V) signify ^either^ (O) « (1)"the past"(過去:KAKO: (S) < I > (V) worked) ^or^ (2)"the perfect"(完了:KANRYOU: (S) < I > (aV) have (V) worked) (*)context » ), but (S) < it > (*)(V) is ( 1 )(C) ( merely ) a temporal (w)adverb| a Chinese (id)equivalent (*)to| < (1)"(id)in the past|" or (2)"already" (*)( in < English > ) >, not ( 2 )(C) an (w)inflected form| of < a (w)verb| > (S) < (w)Verbs| > ( themselves ) (aV) can never (V) change ( in < Chinese language > ), ( (id)due to| < the ( purely ) (w)ideographic| structure of < their writing system > > )
  ( In < Japanese > ), (S) < the presence of < KANA > > (aV) can (V) modify (O) « "我働" » ( (*)into (1)< "我ハ働ク(WARE WA HATARAKU:(S) < I > (V) work)" > or (2)< "我働カン(WARE HATARAKAN: (S) < I > (aV) will (V) work)" > or (3)< "我働ケリ(WARE HATARAKERI: (S) < I > (V) worked, or (S) < I > (aV) have (V) worked)" > ) ( (S) < as > (aV) is (V) well-(id)known to| < ◎all Japanese folks { with < ◎ordinary (w)educational background| { [ (S) < which > (V) is ] (C) ^enough^ ( ^to^ (aV) have (aV) been ( painfully ) (V) trained in < "漢文(KANBUN, ( locally ) modified Chinese sentences)" > ( at < school > ) } > ) } > )
  ( Anyway ), (S) < temporal distinctions > (V) are (C) [ ◎the point ] { where (S) < the speakers of < (1){ Chinese } and (2){ Japanese } (*)languages > > (*)(V) need (1)(O) « special attention » and (2)(id)(V) getting (C) used to | } ; (S) < they > (aV) should (aV) be (V) examined ( (id)in { more } detail| ) ( in < the next section > ).